The primary effects of exposure to Freon 114 via inhalation are cardiopulmonary effects that can be induced in mice, rats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. The authors reported cardiac arrhythmia at 50,000-100,000 ppm, but no data were presented on this end point. 1983). The influence of fluorocarbon propellants on the arrhythmogenic activities of adrenaline and isoprenaline. II, Part B, G.D. Clayton and F.E. Yant, W.P., H.H. A common feature of those situations is a direct or indirect increase in cardiac irritability caused by epinephrine. Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, DC. 1972). 1996. Heckelman, eds. Probl. J. Pharm. No occupational or epidemiologic studies of Freon 114 were identified. 2. Reinhardt, P.E. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Toxicol. The experimentally measured molar mass of this compound is 171 g/mol. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of fluorocarbons: Assessment by short-term in vitro tests and chronic exposure in rats. TABLE 6-2 Summary of Toxicity of Freon 114 in Animals, Mild effect on heart rhythm in 1 dog, marked effect on heart rhythm in 1 dog, convulsions in 5 dogs, 1 dog had marked cardiac effects while running at 300 fpm to induce epinephrine release; response was replicated in follow-up exposure; exposure cut short because dogs could not tolerate it, 1 dog had marked cardiac response after 1.5 min of exposure; exposure cut short because dogs could not tolerate it, Cardiac arrhythmia in 1 dog with epinephrine, Marked cardiac response in 7 dogs; EC50, <50,000 ppm, Cardiac sensitization in dogs given epinephrine at 5 µg/kg; EC50, 100,000 ppm, Pulmonary resistance, pulmonary compliance, respiratory minute volume, heart rate, and aortic blood pressure measured in anesthetized dogs, supplemental oxygen administered, Cardiac arrhythmia and other cardiopulmonary effects in anesthetized open-chest preparations, No cardiac changes in anesthetized animals, supplemental oxygen administered, Cardiac changes in anesthetized animals given epinephrine, second- degree block observed, No cardiac arrhythmia while running for 25 min at 300 fpm to induce epinephrine release, Cardiac and pulmonary function at constantly rising concentration of Freon 114 in anesthetized animals, Five of 10 died at 700,000 ppm, eight of 10 at 800,000 ppm, Irregular breathing but “no toxic action”, Disturbed equilibrium in rats and guinea pigs, No clinical effects but microscopic evidence of hemorrhage in lungs, Incoordination, tremors, convulsions during initial 3-5 days of exposure; tolerance developed, Decreased body-weight gain and blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, increased blood lymphocytes, vascular congestion, and exudates in lungs, Rat (20 adult, 10 immature), mouse (20 adult), No significant effect on mortality, body-weight gain, blood-cell counts, pulmonary pathology, or electrolytes, 3.5 h/day, 5 days/week, 20 exposures over 4 weeks, No significant effect on mortality, body weight, clinical examinations, EKG, blood pressure, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, necropsy, organ weights, or histopathology, No significant effect on mortality, body weight, clinical examinations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, necropsy, organ weights, or histopathology, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, 8 months (rats), 9 months (rabbit), No significant changes in hematology, histopathology, or EEG, Mouse (30), rat (8/sex per group), dog (1-3/sex per group), Mice, rats, puppies: 5 min twice a day; dogs: twice a day to discharge of propellant, No significant effect on body weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, or histopathology, 164-2,240 mg/kg per day; mixture containing 25-50% Freon 114. According to Aviado (1994), three situations increase the sensitivity of the heart to effects of CFCs—injection of epinephrine, coronary ischemia or cardiac necrosis, and bronchitis or pulmonary thrombosis. (1963) exposed three mice to Freon 114 at 10,000 ppm for 24 h without observing clinical effects, but hemorrhage was observed in the lungs on microscopic examination. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. December 22, 1994. Blood concentration in man of fluorinated hydrocarbons after inhalation of pressured aerosols. Holdren et al. Its primary use has been as a refrigerant. Aviado, D.M. J. Appl. Chapter 22: Informative Speaking. 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4, is a refrigerant commonly known as Freon-114. Data de-. Quevauviller, A., M. Chaigneau, and M. Schrenzel. 15(1 Pt. 1972. 197. Raymer et al. 191-193 in Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th Ed. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. This IRIS assessment for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) consists of hazard identification and dose-response assessment data and provides support for EPA risk management decisions. Available: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorotetrafluoroethane/recognition.html [accessed July 2, 2007]. 1971). 1984. 1975b. Freon 114 was negative for reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA1535 in the presence of a rat liver, Aroclor 1254-induced S9 mixture (Longstaff et al. Hygiene and safety of propellants for medicamentous aerosols [in French]. (1973) exposed male rats and rabbits to Freon 114 at 10,000 ppm 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 8 months (rats) or 9 months (rabbits). 1970. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. Genetron is a registered trade name for Allied Signal Corporation. The CFCs commonly used as aerosol propellants, including Freon 114, have been evaluated as potential causal agents in the deaths of young asthmatics using bronchodilator inhalers. An R-114 Replacement Refrigerant for Centrifugal Chillers. 15(1 Pt. Toxicity of propellants. Scholz, J. Ind. Five fluorocarbons for administration of aerosol bronchodilators. Chapter 10: Citing Sources in Your Speech. A small number of longer-duration studies have been conducted with Freon 114. 2) Production of R12 or CFC-12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) was halted by the clean air act on January 1, 1996. Using 38Cl-labeled Freon 114, Morgan et al. Problem: Write a Lewis structure for each of the following organic molecules:(c) C2Cl2F4 (Freon 114: formerly used as a refrigerant and as an aerosol propellant; each carbon bears one chlorine) When CFCs also contain hydrogen in place of one or more chlorines, they are called hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs. 1986. Hagar, R. 2003. It is listed on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's list of ozone depleting chemicals, and is classified as a Montreal ProtocolClass I, group 1 oz… Most of the studies with Freon 114 were conducted before 1975, and only a few toxicity end points were included. Freon 114 and Freon 12 are similar in cardiac and pulmonary toxicity; hypotension occurs in dogs exposed to Freon 114 but not in dogs exposed to Freon 12. In studies of dogs and guinea pigs exposed to Freon 114 at 141,000 ppm 8 h/day for 21 days, acute CNS signs were initially seen in dogs, but tolerance developed, and fatty livers were observed in guinea pigs (Yant et al. In addition to the reflex-induced bronchospasm caused by CFCs, CFCs are postulated to reduce pulmonary compliance by reducing pulmonary surfactants (Aviado 1994). Sampling indicated concentrations of 1.225-1.540 ppm and 0.822-0.914 ppm, depending on the collection method, on one submarine and 1.608-2.072 ppm and 1.256-1.490 ppm, depending on the collection method, on the other submarine. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). Smith, G.W. Health 22(2):265-279. Arch. 61(9):1445-1449. Freon 114 has been used historically as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant in industrial settings, consumer products, and medical devices (NRC 1984; WHO 1990). II. We offer a hassle-free, turn key solution so you can get cash for your refrigerant quickly! Pharm. Fr. Pp. CAS no. Intraspecies uncertainty factors were not applied to the derivation of the EEGL and CEGL values, because there is little evidence of metabolic or pharmacokinetic differences underlying the toxicity of Freon 114. Pulmonary hemorrhage was not considered a significant effect of exposure of humans to Freon 114, because of the lack of reproducible data demonstrating pulmonary hemorrhage after exposure and because it commonly occurs during euthanasia of experimental animals. The majority of cardiopulmonary testing has been conducted in dogs with protocols that involve either iv injection of epinephrine or increases in endogenous epinephrine through exercise or induction of fright. Few repeat-exposure studies have been conducted with Freon 114. Leuschner, F., B.W. LaboPharma. Reinhardt, C.F., A. Azar, M.F. 2):116-128. 1989, 1996; NRC 1984. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. Cardiotoxicity in the monkey. All rights reserved. Dollery, C.T., D.S. Med. Freon 114 can be absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract, but inhalation is the most common route of exposure, and exhalation the most important route of elimination. That result is important because it differentiates CFCs from carbon tetrachloride, which did produce evidence of carcinogenicity in a similar NCI bioassay (Aviado 1994). Mice exposed with the same experimental protocol lost about 9% of their body weight. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of F − and Cl −. Several measurements of Freon 114 on submarines have been reported. Chemistry Chapter 7. 1972. 1995. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. 1973. Belej. 1964, as cited in ACGIH 2001). Environmental Health Criteria 113. 15(1 Pt.2):105-115. Friedman, S.A., M. Cammarato, and D.M. Appl. The scientific literature has not identified other potential human health effects of exposure to Freon 114 or other prototypical CFCs. If 300,000 ppm is used as the LOAEL for CNS depression, an uncertainty factor of 3 can be applied to account for interspecies differences in sensitivity to Freon 114, an uncertainty factor of 10 can be applied to estimate a NOAEL from a LOAEL, and a database uncertainty factor of 3 can be applied to account for the quality of the data. Aviado, D.M. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane in Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th Ed. A number of organizations have established or proposed inhalation exposure levels or guidelines for Freon 114. Groups of 30 rats (20 adult and 10 immature) and 20 mice (adult) were exposed to Freon 114 at 10,000 ppm 2.5 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 months with no deaths or other adverse effects on body-weight gain, blood-cell counts, and pulmonary pathology (Paulet and Desbrousses 1969). The toxicity of Freon 114 has been studied in several animal species, including rats, mice, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, and monkeys. 21(11):727-734. Halogenated hydrocarbon-induced cardiac arrhythmias associated with release of endogenous epinephrine. 23:285-291. Ann. A proposed EEGL can also be based on CNS depression; however, the database on CNS depression is not as robust as that on cardiac and pulmonary end points. Calculate the mass percent of Cl in freon-114 (C2Cl4F2)..... YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... 19 terms. 15(11-12):760-770. : 76-14-2. Mal. Product: … J. Clin. The trademark Freon refers to any of several gaseous chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, with the general formula CF x Cl 4−x or C 2 F x Cl 6−x .Due to their physical and chemical properties, these CFCs became the compounds of choice as propellants and refrigerants, substituting for the toxic and flammable sulfur dioxide and ammonia materials used until the early 1930s.