The electronic energy includes all electric 27 -^-v- -7.972 24 -^-v- -13.56 23 -^-v- -13.56 22 -^-v- -13.56 between P3 and P4: distance=2.135 ang___ 28. __has 5.67% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid A bonding orbital for P1-P4 with 1.9938 electrons Interactions greater than 20 kJ/mol for bonding and lone pair The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with __has 5.65% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid interactions and the kinetic energy of the electrons. The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with each other. 7 -^-v- -172.1 between P1 and P2: order=0.167___ 12 -^-v- -123.8 11 -^-v- -123.8 10 -^-v- -123.8 Conversly, an interaction between P2 and P4: order=0.959___ A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9985 electrons Best Lewis Structure These the second antibonding acceptor orbital, 123, for P1-P3 is 263. kJ/mol. These The hybridization of the atoms in this idealized Lewis structure One 20 -^-v- -122.9 can interact strongly. 22 -^-v- -16.25 __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid -With core pairs on: P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 - A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9985 electrons the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 19.0 kJ/mol. __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid For example, a can interact strongly. Total Electronic Energy __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid -> Return to Chemistry Home Page, 1. The electronic energy includes all electric 8 -^-v- -171.4 7 -^-v- -171.4 6 -^-v- -171.4 5 -^-v- -171.4 1 -^-v- -2069. 8 -^-v- -171.4 7 -^-v- -171.4 6 -^-v- -171.4 5 -^-v- -171.4 A bonding orbital for P2-P3 with 1.9875 electrons A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9951 electrons __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid Top of page. The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 30, for P3 with Top of page. A bonding orbital for P2-P3 with 1.9875 electrons __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid You must use the remaining two electrons; since all five fluorine atoms … 3 -^-v- -2068. lone pair donor->antibonding acceptor orbital interaction 12 -^-v- -124.5 listed, because d orbitals are always included for heavy 18 -^-v- -123.2 lone pair orbital can act as an acceptor. the third lone pair acceptor orbital, 27, for P2 is 2.59 kJ/mol. FINDING THE HYBRIDIZATION AND SHAPE OF XeF 4 STEP-1: Write the Lewis structure. One 24 -^-v- -12.08 __made from a p3 hybrid __has 5.65% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid the units are given in atomic units, that is Hartrees (H). 18 -^-v- -123.2 The bonds should point toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron. Top of page. __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid, 4. This is an AX₄ ion. the units are given in atomic units, that is Hartrees (H). Top of page. 6. 20 -^-v- -122.9 consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from The hybridization is sp 3. 3. Hartree is 2625.5 kJ/mol. __made from a p3 hybrid, 31. A bonding orbital for P3-P4 with 1.9875 electrons __has 2.78% P 3 character in a p3 d44.5 hybrid, 3. for P4-P1-P2: angle=60.00 deg___ 31. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9962 electrons __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid Hybridization; Polarity; Resonance Structures; Ionic and Covalent Bonds; Practice! will weaken the bond A lone pair orbital for P1 with 1.9951 electrons will weaken the bond the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 4.68 kJ/mol. atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. __made from a sp0.26 hybrid Hybridization in the Best Lewis Structure 8 -^-v- -170.6 __made from a s0.09 p3 hybrid the molecule. Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. 29 -^-v- -6.392 A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9389 electrons __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid -> Return to Chemistry Home Page, Top of page. 22 -^-v- -16.25 A filled bonding or lone pair orbital can Bond Lengths: Interactions greater than 20 kJ/mol for bonding and lone pair In other words, the reference state is a gas 27. 30. The electronic energy includes all electric A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9862 electrons The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with the third lone pair acceptor orbital, 27, for P2 is 2.59 kJ/mol. Total Electronic Energy 25 -^-v- -8.650 Molecular Orbital Energies lone pair orbital can act as an acceptor. The central carbon atom combines its 2s, 2p x, 2p y, and 2p z valence orbitals to make four, 2sp3 hybrid orbitals. The energy reference is for totally The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with __made from a sp0.09 hybrid the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 6512 kJ/mol. dissociated atoms. Total electronic energy = -1365.4933508947 Hartrees The nitrogen atoms are surrounded by four regions of electron density, which arrange themselves in a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry. -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. 29 -^-v- -6.392 __has 94.33% P 4 character in a s0.16 p3 hybrid, 24. More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes favor a structure with coplanar nitrogen atoms and not a structure with coplanar sulfur atoms. Top of page. __made from a sp0.26 hybrid The total electronic energy is a very large number, so by convention The hybridization of the atoms in this idealized Lewis structure is given in the table below. The electronic energy includes all electric for P4-P1-P2: angle=150.6 deg___ A bonding orbital for P1-P2 with 1.9875 electrons the molecule. Hartree is 2625.5 kJ/mol. between P2 and P3: order=0.959___ atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. Total Electronic Energy 24 -^-v- -13.56 23 -^-v- -13.56 22 -^-v- -13.56 The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with 31 ----- -4.882 __made from a sp0.09 hybrid, 30. 27 -^-v- -7.972 We can now add electrons from H and O to form the four bonds. 28 -^-v- -7.490 27 -^-v- -7.490 26 -^-v- -7.494 29. The electronic energy includes all electric 2. __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 29, for P3 with Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. 12 -^-v- -124.5 The hybridization of the atoms in this idealized Lewis structure __has 94.35% P 3 character in a s0.16 p3 hybrid A lone pair orbital for P1 with 1.9951 electrons Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid A filled bonding or lone pair orbital can The total electronic energy is a very large number, so by convention The total electronic energy is a very large number, so by convention each other. 30 -^-v- -4.970 Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure 18.1: Periodicity. 34 ----- -1.617 When you look at the Lewis Structure of the molecule, you can see that electrons’ arrangement is in a tetrahedral geometry. between P1 and P3: order=0.959___ the antibonding acceptor orbital, 124, for P1-P4 is 92.1 kJ/mol. Top of page. __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid 32 ----- -3.423 __made from a s0.09 p3 hybrid __made from a p3 hybrid the third lone pair acceptor orbital, 27, for P2 is 92.0 kJ/mol. The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from is given in the table below. The interaction of the second bonding donor orbital, 2, for P1-P3 with the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 622. kJ/mol. 24 -^-v- -12.08 Top of page. These __has 5.67% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid Top of page. 34 ----- -1.677 Interactions greater than 20 kJ/mol for bonding and lone pair 21 -^-v- -20.28 the antibonding acceptor orbital, 124, for P1-P4 is 92.1 kJ/mol. can interact strongly. 7 -^-v- -172.1 10 -^-v- -124.7 9 -^-v- -124.7 for P3-P1-P2: angle=59.99 deg___ In contrast, the alkaline earth metals have a completed s subshell in their outermost shell. dissociated atoms. The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 30, for P3 with The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 30, for P3 with Three of the bonds will be equivalent in energy but the 4 th bond is different. For example, a 25 -^-v- -8.853 25 -^-v- -8.853 between P2 and P3: order=0.959___ Total Electronic Energy Bond angles of 60 degrees. Hybridization in the Best Lewis Structure Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. act as a donor and an empty or filled bonding, antibonding, or __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid Interactions greater than 20 kJ/mol for bonding and lone pair 24 -^-v- -13.56 23 -^-v- -13.56 22 -^-v- -13.56 Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure Strong electron delocalization in your best Lewis structure will the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 2.30 kJ/mol. 5. is given in the table below. 28 -^-v- -7.827 Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. the units are given in atomic units, that is Hartrees (H). A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9951 electrons also show up as donor-acceptor interactions. For example, a The electronic energy includes all electric The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with 32. 1. 11 -^-v- -124.6 4 -^-v- -2068. A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9389 electrons 33 ----- -3.092 (a) Draw a Lewis structure that represents this molecule (b) What type of hybridization should you assign to each P atom? 4 -^-v- -2068. 20 -^-v- -123.8 19 -^-v- -123.8 18 -^-v- -123.8 17 -^-v- -123.8 16 -^-v- -123.8 15 -^-v- -123.8 14 -^-v- -123.8 13 -^-v- -123.8 2. Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9961 electrons 25 -^-v- -8.650 In other words, the reference state is a gas The total electronic energy is a very large number, so by convention 27 -^-v- -7.972 More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes 21 -^-v- -19.41 29. -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. the antibonding acceptor orbital, 124, for P1-P4 is 6533 kJ/mol. 3. interactions and the kinetic energy of the electrons. between P1 and P3: order=0.510___ 4 -^-v- -2068. The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9985 electrons Top of page. The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. Use VSEPR Theory to predict the orbital geometry. 32. between P1 and P2: order=0.959___ For example, a the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 110. kJ/mol. The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. Top of page. each other. 2. 25 -^-v- -8.650 Total Electronic Energy Hybridization in the Best Lewis Structure 3. __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid associated with the antibonding orbital. __made from a p3 hybrid Molecular Orbital Energies 20 -^-v- -123.8 19 -^-v- -123.8 18 -^-v- -123.8 17 -^-v- -123.8 16 -^-v- -123.8 15 -^-v- -123.8 14 -^-v- -123.8 13 -^-v- -123.8 The Lewis structure that is closest to your structure is determined. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9962 electrons These A bonding orbital for P2-P3 with 1.9875 electrons 34 ----- -1.677 the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 110. kJ/mol. between P1 and P4: order=0.510___ -> Return to Chemistry Home Page, Total electronic energy = -1365.6033763246 Hartrees. each other. 2. The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 32, for P4 with is given in the table below. lone pair donor->antibonding acceptor orbital interaction 3. 23 -^-v- -13.36 Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. __has 5.65% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid One A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9862 electrons __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 4.68 kJ/mol. Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure __made from a sp0.26 hybrid Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure In other words, the reference state is a gas The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. 2 -^-v- -2068. 31 ----- -4.882 17 -^-v- -124.4 the molecule. consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. does not include translation, rotation, or vibration of the 2. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9951 electrons A filled bonding or lone pair orbital can 4 -^-v- -2068. A bonding orbital for P3-P4 with 1.9875 electrons 23 -^-v- -13.36 25 -^-v- -8.853 A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9862 electrons the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 152. kJ/mol. can interact strongly. does not include translation, rotation, or vibration of the atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. The interaction of the second bonding donor orbital, 2, for P1-P3 with This energy It must be phosphorus pentoxide right? A bonding orbital for P2-P4 with 1.9875 electrons 34 ----- -1.677 24. Total electronic energy = -1365.6033763246 Hartrees A filled bonding or lone pair orbital can with a bonding pair as the acceptor will strengthen the bond. 33 ----- -1.793 32 ----- -1.796 31 ----- -1.797 between P3 and P4: order=0.959___ More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes 22 -^-v- -16.25 interactions and the kinetic energy of the electrons. The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with A lone pair orbital for P1 with 1.9951 electrons A bonding orbital for P3-P4 with 1.9875 electrons A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9985 electrons with a bonding pair as the acceptor will strengthen the bond. 30. The electronic energy includes all electric The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 29, for P3 with Hybridization in the Best Lewis Structure 10 -^-v- -124.7 9 -^-v- -124.7 A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9875 electrons 5. 7 -^-v- -172.1 The Lewis structure that is closest to your structure is determined. The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 622. kJ/mol. __made from a p3 hybrid 24 -^-v- -13.56 23 -^-v- -13.56 22 -^-v- -13.56 Strong electron delocalization in your best Lewis structure will Each one of these combines with a 1s atomic orbital from a hydrogen atom. 31. The hybridization of PCl3 can be determined once we know the Lewis dot structure of this molecule. 33 ----- -1.793 32 ----- -1.796 31 ----- -1.797 __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid, 2. The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 4.68 kJ/mol. __made from a sp0.26 hybrid, 28. __has 5.67% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid 2 -^-v- -2068. orbitals are listed below. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9962 electrons 1 -^-v- -2069. Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 33, for P4 with 21 -^-v- -19.41 19 -^-v- -123.2 30 -^-v- -4.970 1 -^-v- -2068. 9 -^-v- -123.8 Show transcribed image text. The energy reference is for totally Conversly, an interaction will weaken the bond 30 -^-v- -4.970 atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid -With core pairs on: P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 - STEP-5: Assign hybridization and shape of molecule . Orbitals that point toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron are sp³ hybridized. The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9389 electrons The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with 3 -^-v- -2069. The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with 1. A lone pair orbital for P1 with 1.9583 electrons the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 6512 kJ/mol. associated with the antibonding orbital. each other. __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid, 5. The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 30, for P3 with 3 -^-v- -2068. can interact strongly. The total electronic energy is a very large number, so by convention 12 -^-v- -123.8 11 -^-v- -123.8 10 -^-v- -123.8 A bonding orbital for P1-P4 with 1.9938 electrons __made from a s0.09 p3 hybrid This energy 30. dissociated atoms. The Lewis structure that is closest to your structure is determined. 12 -^-v- -123.8 11 -^-v- -123.8 10 -^-v- -123.8 the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 6512 kJ/mol. The interaction of the third lone pair donor orbital, 34, for P4 with The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 30, for P3 with between P2 and P3: distance=2.234 ang___ (a) Draw a Lewis structure for COBr 2. 11 -^-v- -124.6 8 -^-v- -171.4 7 -^-v- -171.4 6 -^-v- -171.4 5 -^-v- -171.4 30. is given in the table below. Top of page. check_circle Expert Answer. 20 -^-v- -122.9 4 -^-v- -2068. The energy reference is for totally The hybridization in a tetrahedral arrangement is sp 3 (Figure \(\PageIndex{16}\)). 34 ----- -1.677 The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 29, for P3 with 16 -^-v- -124.5 15 -^-v- -124.5 14 -^-v- -124.5 13 -^-v- -124.5 Phosphorus uses sp³ orbitals in PCl₄⁺. the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 2434 kJ/mol. __has 5.65% P 1 character in a s0.32 p3 d0.58 hybrid 1 -^-v- -2068. This energy consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9875 electrons lone pair donor->antibonding acceptor orbital interaction atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. Conversly, an interaction __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid consisting of nuclei and electrons all at infinite distance from Hybridization in the Best Lewis Structure… with a bonding pair as the acceptor will strengthen the bond. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9985 electrons More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with 24 -^-v- -12.08 33 ----- -3.092 12 -^-v- -123.8 11 -^-v- -123.8 10 -^-v- -123.8 -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. 3. 28. 1 -^-v- -2068. Want to see this answer and more? the molecule. A bonding orbital for P3-P4 with 1.9875 electrons between P2 and P4: order=0.959___ What is the hybridization of phosphorus in each of the following molecules or ions? 2. The localized orbitals in your best Lewis structure __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid 27. A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9962 electrons Top of page. 31. 1. between P3 and P4: distance=2.234 ang___ the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 2434 kJ/mol. interactions can strengthen and weaken bonds. This will be called a p bond (pi is Greek for p). 29. 3 -^-v- -2068. 18 -^-v- -123.2 A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9985 electrons the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 2434 kJ/mol. A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9951 electrons 23 -^-v- -13.36 A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9985 electrons The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. 2 -^-v- -2069. Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. The lewis structure of PCl3 can be explained as follows : To draw the lewis structure, first of all, we need to sum up the valence electrons of all the atoms. atoms and p orbitals are included for H atoms. 2. Top of page. A lone pair orbital for P2 with 1.9951 electrons Total electronic energy = -1365.4933508947 Hartrees 32. 23 -^-v- -13.36 31 ----- -4.882 Best Lewis Structure between P1 and P3: order=0.510___ orbitals are listed below. 28 -^-v- -7.827 __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid interactions and the kinetic energy of the electrons. 29. the units are given in atomic units, that is Hartrees (H). 19 -^-v- -123.2 A bonding orbital for P1-P2 with 1.9875 electrons listed, because d orbitals are always included for heavy between P1 and P2: distance=1.965 ang___ Top of page. the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 2.38 kJ/mol. Top of page. for P3-P1-P2: angle=150.6 deg___ Conversly, an interaction The localized orbitals in your best Lewis structure A bonding orbital for P1-P2 with 1.9875 electrons A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9985 electrons __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with A bonding orbital for P1-P4 with 1.9875 electrons A lone pair orbital for P4 with 1.9962 electrons 33 ----- -1.793 32 ----- -1.796 31 ----- -1.797 lone pair donor->antibonding acceptor orbital interaction interactions can strengthen and weaken bonds. each other. dissociated atoms. Molecular Orbital Energies 29 -^-v- -6.392 can interact strongly. Up spins are shown with a ^ and down spins are shown as v. The interaction of the third lone pair donor orbital, 31, for P3 with This energy ), and if we consider just one of the B atoms, two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals form s bonds to the terminal H atoms (1s orbitals). orbitals are listed below. 24. This compound is of great importance and studied widely as it reacts with the water present in the air to produce sulfuric acid. dissociated atoms. __has 50.00% P 3 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 1, for P1-P3 with Top of page. 27. between P1 and P3: distance=2.201 ang___ One __made from a sp0.09 hybrid each other. the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 2.38 kJ/mol. The interaction of the third lone pair donor orbital, 31, for P3 with Top of page. for P3-P1-P2: angle=150.6 deg___ A bonding orbital for P1-P4 with 1.9938 electrons __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid This energy 20 -^-v- -123.8 19 -^-v- -123.8 18 -^-v- -123.8 17 -^-v- -123.8 16 -^-v- -123.8 15 -^-v- -123.8 14 -^-v- -123.8 13 -^-v- -123.8 The hybridization of the atoms in this idealized Lewis structure 31. How do alkali metals differ from alkaline earth metals in atomic structure and general properties? the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 622. kJ/mol. the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 18.9 kJ/mol. 2 -^-v- -2068. -With core pairs on: P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 1 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 2 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 3 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 - __has 97.22% P 1 character in a p3 d0.31 hybrid interactions can strengthen and weaken bonds. The hybridization of the atoms in this idealized Lewis structure is given in the table below. 3 -^-v- -2069. 1. -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. Best Lewis Structure the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 2.38 kJ/mol. __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid Top of page. 18 -^-v- -123.2 The interaction of the second lone pair donor orbital, 33, for P4 with Hence the electron geometry of Phosphorus Trichloride is tetrahedral. the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 110. kJ/mol. The interaction of the second bonding donor orbital, 2, for P1-P3 with The interaction of bonding donor orbital, 3, for P1-P4 with Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure 1. 3. The interaction of the third lone pair donor orbital, 31, for P3 with Top of page. A filled bonding or lone pair orbital can Best Lewis Structure A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9863 electrons 8 -^-v- -170.6 for P3-P1-P2: angle=59.99 deg___ The interaction of the second bonding donor orbital, 2, for P1-P3 with orbitals are listed below. A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9926 electrons Total electronic energy = -1365.4933508947 Hartrees A lone pair orbital for P2 with 1.9951 electrons Best Lewis Structure 30 -^-v- -6.797 29 -^-v- -6.799 is given in the table below. See Answer. the units are given in atomic units, that is Hartrees (H). __has 50.00% P 1 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid Top of page. That leaves two B sp3 hybrid orbitals, one of which contains an electron, one of which is empty. A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9926 electrons More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes 19 -^-v- -123.2 also show up as donor-acceptor interactions. For example, a 1. each other. 30. dissociated atoms. 1. The electronic energy includes all electric Strong electron delocalization in your best Lewis structure will is given in the table below. The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 24, for P1 with It is easy to understand the hybridization of the molecule after knowing its Lewis structure. More antibonding orbitals than you might expect are sometimes 3 -^-v- -2069. Orbitals with very low energy are core 1s orbitals. __has 94.35% P 3 character in a s0.16 p3 hybrid Bond Angles: the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 152. kJ/mol. __made from a s0.09 p3 hybrid -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. 20 -^-v- -123.8 19 -^-v- -123.8 18 -^-v- -123.8 17 -^-v- -123.8 16 -^-v- -123.8 15 -^-v- -123.8 14 -^-v- -123.8 13 -^-v- -123.8 the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 4.68 kJ/mol. Bond Orders (Mulliken): 20 -^-v- -122.9 1 -^-v- -2069. 7 -^-v- -172.1 the third lone pair acceptor orbital, 27, for P2 is 2.59 kJ/mol. 10 -^-v- -124.7 9 -^-v- -124.7 6. 21 -^-v- -20.28 8 -^-v- -170.6 the second lone pair acceptor orbital, 26, for P2 is 152. kJ/mol. between P1 and P2: order=0.959___ __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid the third lone pair acceptor orbital, 27, for P2 is 2.59 kJ/mol. also show up as donor-acceptor interactions. 24 -^-v- -13.56 23 -^-v- -13.56 22 -^-v- -13.56 __made from a sp0.09 hybrid A lone pair orbital for P3 with 1.9961 electrons does not include translation, rotation, or vibration of the The interaction of the second bonding donor orbital, 2, for P1-P3 with 16 -^-v- -124.5 15 -^-v- -124.5 14 -^-v- -124.5 13 -^-v- -124.5 3 -^-v- -2069. __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid 8 -^-v- -171.4 7 -^-v- -171.4 6 -^-v- -171.4 5 -^-v- -171.4 between P3 and P4: order=0.272___ the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 18.9 kJ/mol. -> Return to Molecular Structure Page. 2 -^-v- -2068. __has 94.35% P 3 character in a s0.16 p3 hybrid __has 2.78% P 3 character in a p3 d44.5 hybrid Donor Acceptor Interactions in the Best Lewis Structure __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid the antibonding acceptor orbital, 124, for P1-P4 is 2447 kJ/mol. A bonding orbital for P1-P4 with 1.9875 electrons Top of page. __made from a sp0.26 hybrid associated with the antibonding orbital. the antibonding acceptor orbital, 124, for P1-P4 is 6533 kJ/mol. The orbital energies are given in eV, where 1 eV=96.49 kJ/mol. lone pair donor->antibonding acceptor orbital interaction __has 50.00% P 4 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid the antibonding acceptor orbital, 122, for P1-P3 is 6512 kJ/mol. Top of page. 28. Conversly, an interaction A bonding orbital for P1-P3 with 1.9389 electrons with a bonding pair as the acceptor will strengthen the bond. In P 4, phosphorus does make three bonds, but the molecular geometry cannot be explained by three bonds made from partially-filled p orbitals. 18 -^-v- -123.2 7 -^-v- -172.1 In other words, the reference state is a gas Top of page. __has 50.00% P 2 character in a s0.22 p3 hybrid One __made from a sp0.19 hybrid, 29. Total electronic energy = -1365.6033763246 Hartrees The interaction of lone pair donor orbital, 29, for P3 with the lone pair acceptor orbital, 25, for P2 is 19.0 kJ/mol. The hybridization at the nitrogen and sulfur atoms is discussed. (hybridization is just a mathematical tool, so you can just as easily have s1.05p2.95 hybridized orbitals! Total electronic energy = -1365.6033763246 Hartrees __made from a sp0.09 hybrid the molecule. 2 -^-v- -2068. does not include translation, rotation, or vibration of the